The eastern shore of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea, together with the
arid interior of northern Arabia west of Mesopotamia and south of Syria.
Peraea under
various Canaanite peoples................c.1800 - 1300's BCE
The area of Transjordan along the eastern bank of
the Jordan River, between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. The main
cities in ancient times were Amathus and Betharamphtha. The main city in
modern times is al-Salt, which was the original capital of Jordan before the
government was moved to the new railroad hub of Amman.
Ben Ammi (at
Ammon)............................................c.
18th cent. BCE
Ammon is located in north-central Jordan, and based on what is now the capitol of
Amman. The Ammonites were a West Semitic folk quite closely related to
Hebrews and Moabites.
Ishmael ben Abraham (at
Kedar).................................1600's
Kedar ben Ishmael (at
Kedar)
In Biblical historiography, Kedar was the second
son of Ishmael. The Kedarites were a nomadic Arabic tribe, the Bedouins
generally, living in the deserts of eastern Syria and Jordan. They were
known for living in tents made of black goat hair and made a living by
raising goats and raiding sedentary populations in the Levant.
Pella under
Egypt....................................c. 1500 - 1230
An exceedingly ancient city in northeast Jordan, on the Jordan River.
Mutbaal ben Labayu........................................mid
1300's
Mutbaal was the son of
Labayu, the Canaanite warlord who tried to carve out an empire in the
Samarian highlands. Like his father he was accused of hiring mercenaries
from "among the Hapiru"- i.e., Hebrews.
Apiru-Anu.................................................fl.
c. 1250
Incursions by various
West Semitic peoples; mostly within Peraea thereafter.
Sihon the Amorite (at
Heshbon and Peraea)......................early
1200's
The Nabatu -
A nomadic Arabic people
inhabiting the northern part of Arabia and Transjordan, about whom little is
known. This Arab nation (South Semitic) originating from the deserts in the
south at some time before 312 BCE. Assyrian sources indicate that they were
close associates of the Kedarites.
o Pado'el (Pudu'ilu)...........................................fl.
bfr. 701 o Kabus-Gabri..................................................fl. 680's
o * ELSM ? o Barak-el.....................................................fl. c. 675
o * MNHRN ? o Amminadab....................................................fl. c. 650
o Hissal'el I ben Amminadab....................................fl. c. 625
o Amminadab II ben Hissal'el...................................fl. c. 600
o Baalis............................................c. 590's - 585 o Milcomur.....................................................fl. c. 585
Kingdom of Kedar
(capital at Adumattu)
Gindibu...............................................c.
870 - c. 850 BCE
Gindibu, king of the Arab
forces at the battle of Karkar (853 BCE), fought by a coalition of 12
Levantine monarchs against Shalmaneser III of Assyria. Little else is known
of him or the Arabs of his time, but it is likely that he was from the
region of Kedar.
5 or 6 rulers, names
unknown
Zabibe (female).......................................c.
750 - c. 735
Samsil (female).......................................c.
746 - c. 710
Iati'e (female).......................................c.
710 - c. 695
Tabua (female)........................................c.
678 - c. 675
Yauta ibn Hazail.........................................676
- 652
Abyate ibn
Teri..........................................652 - 644 opposed by...
Ammuladi.......................................................c.
652 and also...
Uayte ben Birdadda....................................c.
650 - c. 644
Kedar was occupied by
Assyria in C. 644 - 610 BCE and under Babylon from 610 - 539 BCE.
Under Persia the Kedarite Bedawi kings were
made client rulers of much of southern Jordan as well as the Negev Desert.
4 or 5
client rulers, names unknown, 539 - c. 470
Shahru (Shahr)...................................c. 470 - c. 450
Geshem (Gashmu) ben Shahr........................c. 450 - c. 430
Kaynau (Qaynu) bar Geshem........................c. 430 - c. 410
4 or 5
client rulers, names unknown, to 332 BCE.
Kedar became
under Lihyan 323 - c. 250, Nabataea c. 250 BCE - 106 CE, Tayma 106 -
c. 630, Caliphate from c. 630 and then follow the general sequence.
Moab -
Moab is located in
south-central Jordan; the southeastern shore of the Dead Sea, together with
the interior; basically much of the modern province of al-Karak. The
Moabites were a West Semitic people very closely related to the Hebrews, and
normally at fierce odds with them.
The Seljuq
Empire.......................................1071 - 1104
The Kingdom of
Jerusalem................................1104 - 1189
Lordship of Outrejourdain (Krak
des Moabites) al-Karak is a province in the modern Kingdom, a roughly
rectangular swath of desert stretching from the southeast corner of the Dead
Sea, to the eastern frontier with Saudi Arabia. The town of Karak is still a
predominately Christian town; many of the families in the area trace their
ancestry back the the Crusaders. Not to be confused with the much
better-known Krak des Chevaliers (the center of the Hospitalers in southern
Syria), this castle of Krak des Moabites was built in the 1130's to dominate
the Crusader province of Outrejourdain (Trans-Jordan), a vague region with
the Jordan river to the west and an undefined frontier to the east. In it's
time it was one of the chief sources of wealth for the Crusader states,
inasmuch as it was positioned astride a main caravan route for Pilgrims
traveling to Makkah.
de MONTREAL
Roman de Puy......................................1118
- 1126
Payen le Bouteiller de
Montreal...................1126 - 1147
Miles de Plancy.....................................
? - 1174
Etiennette de Milly (female)...................c.
1174 - 1188 with...
de CHATILLON
Reynald the Wolf (Prince
of Antioch 1153-63)......1176
- 1187 and then...
Reynald of Chatillon was
the most infamous of the Crusading knights. Even by the violent standards of
the day he was considered cruel, and to the Muslims he seemed evil
incarnate. His history of violating treaties, raiding caravans and
slaughtering noncombatants made him so notorious that when he was finally
captured by Saladin, the usually-merciful Sultan personally beheaded him.
von TORON
Humfried von Toron................................1187
- 1188
Philadelphia (Amman) in c.
160 only. Peraea 160 - 27 BCE.
Timotheus [at
Philadelphia (Amman)].......................
? - 160
Hyrcanus [at
Philadelphia (Amman)].............................mid
100's
Zoilus Cotylas (Tyrant
of Philadelphia).................120s
- 110's
Mostly within the
Dekapolis..............................110 - 85
Gerasa (Jarash)
till 63 BEC.
Theodoros (Tyrant
of Philadelphia)............late
100s - early 1st c. BCE
Zeno Cotylas
(Tyrants of Gerasa)..........................fl. 60's
Theodoros (Tyrants
of Gerasa).............................fl. 60's
The later Kingdom of Nabataea
The
Nabataean civilization which left rich archaeological remains at Petra, one
of the New Seven Wonders of the World located in the Ma'an Governorate. The
ruler names
are given below are in two forms - the first is the correct Arabic form, the next,
parenthesized, is the typically encountered Hellenized form.
Harithath (Aretas) I.....................................169 - c. 150
Some parts under The Maccabaean Kingdom...........c. 100 BCE - 63 BCE
The Roman Republic....................................63 BCE - 27 BCE
The Roman Empire......................................26 BCE - 261 CE
Some parts within Judaea.........................30 BCE - 04 BCE
Some parts within Galilee........................04 BCE - 39 CE
Simon of
Peraea...........................................04 BCEopposed by...
Simon,
a slave of Herod the Great, claimed the kingship of Israel after the
death of his master. He led a revolt which culminated with the burning
of Jericho. Thereafter Herodian and Roman forces hunted him down and
exterminated his followers.
o Herod Antipas (Tetrarch
of Galilee)............04 BCE - 39 CE
o Herod Agrippa I (Batanaea 37-44; Galilee
40-44)....40 - 44
The Palmyran Kingdom.....................................261 - 271
The Roman Empire.........................................271 - 395
Tanukh Dynasty
An Arab tribal kingdom of the second through fourth centuries CE. The
Tanukhids were a Christian tribe, originally from South Arabia, who settled
in northern Arabia, eastern Jordan and southern Syria. They were the
dominant Arabian foederati of Rome until their displacement by the Salihids
around the year 400.
Gadhimat
Mawiyya "The Queen of the Arabs" (female)......................fl.
c. 373
The Byzantine Empire.....................................395 - 529
Kingdom of GHASSAN
A
Byzantine client state utilized as a buffer against the Persian client at
Hirah. It's rulers were granted the title of Patricius, but were gravely
harassed by their erstwhile patrons in that they professed Monophysite
Christianity instead of Alexandrian orthodoxy, and encouraged the Syrian
Church. This suppression was a factor in Muslim victories in the 7th
century. o
AMRID o Jafnah I ibn Amr......................................220 - 265 o Amr I ibn Jafnah......................................265 - 270 o Tha'labah ibn Amr.....................................270 - 287 o al-Harith I ibn Th'alabah.............................287 - 307 o Jabalah I ibn al-Harith I.............................307 - 317 o al-Harith II ibn Jabalah "ibn Maria"..................317 - 327 o al-Mundhir I Senior ibn al-Harith II..................327 - 330 with... o al-Aiham ibn al-Harith II.............................327 - 330 and... o al-Mundhir II Junior ibn al-Harith II.................327 - 340 and... o al-Numan I ibn al-Harith II...........................327 - 342 and... o Amr II ibn al-Harith II...............................330 - 356 and... o Jabalah II ibn al-Harith II...........................327 - 361 o Jafnah II ibn al-Mundhir I............................361 - 391 with... o al-Numan II ibn al-Mundhir I..........................361 - 362 o al-Numan III ibn Amr ibn al-Mundhir I.................391 - 418 o Jabalah III ibn al-Numan..............................418 - 434 o al-Numan IV ibn al-Aiham..............................434 - 455 with...
o al-Harith III ibn al-Aiham............................434 - 456 and... o al-Numan V ibn al-Harith..............................434 - 453 o al-Mundhir II ibn al-Numan............................453 - 472 with... o Amr III ibn al-Numan..................................453 - 486 and... o Hijr ibn al-Numan.....................................453 - 465 o al-Harith IV ibn Hijr.................................486 - 512 o Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith..............................512 - 529 o al-Harith V ibn Jabalah...............................529 - 569 o al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith..........................569 - 581 with... o Abu Kirab al-Numan ibn al-Harith......................570 - 582 o al-Numan VI ibn al-Mundhir............................582 - 583 o al-Harith VI ibn al-Harith..................................583 o al-Numan VII ibn al-Harith Abu Kirab..................583 - ?
Byzantine Empire directly...............................584 - 638 o al-Aiham ibn
Jabalah................................... ? - 614 o al-Mundhir IV ibn Jabalah.............................614 - ? o Sharahil ibn Jabalah................................... ? - 618 o Amr IV ibn Jabalah....................................618 - 628 o Jabalah V ibn al-Harith...............................628 - 632 o Jabalah VI ibn al-Aiham...............................632 - 638
The Caliphate...........................................638 - 868
The Ottoman Empire.....................................1517 - 1918
British Mandate.................................25
Sep 1918 - 25 May 1946
1517 Part of the Ottoman Empire.
17th cent. Ottoman rule lapses.
1867 Direct Ottoman rule
restored.
1893 Karak a separate district,
attached to Damascus.
25 Sep 1918 British occupy Amman.
12 May 1920 Part of British mandate of Palestine.
Aug 1920 British create autonomous local administrations
at Ajloun,
Salt and Karak (or Moabite Government)
11 Apr 1921 Emirate of Transjordan (under British mandate).
23 May 1923 British recognize Transjordan as a separate state
(Emirate of Transjordan).
25 May 1923 Transjordan formally separated from Palestine.
May 1925 Aqaba and Ma'an districts of Hejaz become part
of Transjordan.
28 Feb 1928 British recognize Transjordan mandate as independent, but
maintain a protectorate.
22 Mar 1946 End of British mandate.
25 May 1946 Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan.
17 Jun 1946 Britain formally recognizes independence.
03 Apr 1949 Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
24 Apr 1950 Jordan annexes the West Bank and East Jerusalem
(occupied since May 1948).
14 Feb 1958 - 14 Jul 1958 Federation with Iraq (Arab Union).
06 Jun 1967 - 12 Jun 1967 West Bank and East Jerusalem occupied by
Israel.
31 Jul 1988 Abandons claim to the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
Click on the links provided on below
Rulers to view coinage used in their era.
He was the second of three sons
of Sherif Hussein bin Ali, Sharif and Emir of Mecca. Between 1916 to 1918,
working with the British guerrilla leader Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Edward
Lawrence, he played a key role as architect and planner of the Great Arab
Revolt against Ottoman rule. Ruled as Emir under British
mandate. 25 Mar 1923 - 25 May 1946: Amir Imarat Sharqi al-Urdunn ("Emir of
the Emirate of Transjordan"). 25 May 1946 - 03 Apr 1949: Malik Mamlakat
Sharqi al-Urdunn al-Hashimiyya ("King of the Hashemite Kingdom of
Transjordan"). He became King on 25 May 1946 upon Jordan's independence.
From 03 Apr 1949: Malik al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashimiyya ("King of the
Hashemite. Kingdom of Jordan"). On 20 July 1951, Abdullah, while
visiting Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, was shot dead by a Palestinian. On 16
July, Riad Bey al-Solh, a former Prime Minister of Lebanon, had been
assassinated in Amman, where rumors were circulating that Lebanon and Jordan
were discussing a joint separate peace with Israel. Abdullah during the
incident was with his grandson, Prince Hussein.
Albert Abramson (British
Adviser)..........27 Mar 1921 - 21 Nov 1921
British Residents
Harry
St. John Bridger Philby..............21 Nov 1921 - Apr 1924
Philby was
able to advise Ibn Saud in 1924 on how far he could go in occupying all
Arabia without incurring the wrath of the British government.
Charles
Henry F. Cox..........................Aug 1924 - Mar 1939
Alec
Seath Kirkbride..........................Mar 1939 - 17 Jun 1946
Naif
bin Abdullah (Regent)......................20
Jul 1951 - 05 Sep 1951
He was the
youngest son of King Abdullah. Naif became regent of Jordan on July 20,
1951, following the assassination of Abdullah, because his brother, Crown
Prince Talal, was reportedly suffering from poor health known as
schizophrenia (mental disorder) at Switzerland.
Talal
bin Abdullah..............................05
Sep 1951
- 11 Aug 1952
He was
forced to abdicate in favour of his son Hussein due to health reasons. He
died in Istanbul on 07 July 1972.
Hussein bin Talal...............................11 Aug 1952 - 07 Feb 1999
He
recognized Israel in 1994, becoming the second Arab head of state to do so.
Just before his death, on 25 January 1999, Hussein made a constitutionally
allowable change to his will, disinheriting the heir-apparent of several
decades, his brother Hassan, in favor of his eldest son Abdullah.
Regency Council
Ibrahim
Hashim (ex-Prime Minister).........04 Jun 1952 - 02 May 1953
n 1958
he was working on the newly-established union between Jordan and Iraq
and traveled to Baghdad with Minister of Defense Suleiman Tukan and
Minister of State for the External Affairs Khlusi Al Khairi. Their party
was attacked by revolutionaries near the Baghdad airport, and Hashem and
Tukan were killed.
Suleiman Toukan
(Minister of Defense)......04 Jun 1952 - 02 May 1953
Abdul
Rahman Rusheidat.....................04 Jun
1952 - 02 May 1953
Amira Zain al-Sharaf (female)..............04
Jun 1952 - 02 May 1953
She
chaired the Regency Council. She was the Queen of Jordan, wife of King Talal
and the mother of King Hussein.
Regent
Hassan
bin Talal...........................14 Jul 1998 - 19 Jan 1999
Abdullah II bin Hussein....................06 Feb 1999 - 07 Feb 1999
Approximately two million Iraqis
have fled the conflict in Iraq, with the majority taking refuge in Syria and
Jordan; 2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending
demarcation.
