Portuguese India
 

 
The Portuguese Viceroyalty of India (Portuguese: Vice-Reino da Índia Portuguesa), later the Portuguese State of India (Portuguese: Estado Português da Índia), was the aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India.
The government started in 1505, six years after the discovery of a sea route to India by Vasco da Gama, with the nomination of the first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida, then settled at Kochi. In 1510 the new governor Afonso de Albuquerque wanted to fight the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate fleet in the Red Sea or return to Hormuz. However, Timoji convinced him that it would be easier to fight them in Goa, where they had sheltered after the Battle of Diu and also of the illness of the Sultan Yusuf Adil Shah and war between the Deccan sultanates. So he invested in the capture of Goa to the Sultanate of Bijapur with the support of Timoji. On November, in a second strike, Albuquerque conquered Goa with a fleet fully renovated and about 300 Malabari reinforcements from Cannanore. They regained the support of the native population, although frustrating the initial expectations of Timoji, who aspired to gain the city. Afonso de Albuquerque rewarded him by appointing him chief "Aguazil" of the city, an administrator and representative of the native people, as a knowing interpreter of the local customs. Timoji was put in command of the native troops loyal to the Portuguese. However, he soon was relieved of his command due to his refusal to follow orders. The command of the native troops was given to a pretender to the throne of Honavar and Timoji returned to piracy. Timoji was made prisoner after a raid, and died by opium poisoning soon after being taken to the Vijayanagar capital. His wife and children, however returned to Goa where Albuquerque arranged for their upkeep.
Portuguese set up a permanent settlement in Velha Goa. This was the beginning of Portuguese rule in Goa that would last for four and a half centuries, until its annexation in 1961. The Goa Inquisition, a formal tribunal, was established in 1560, and was finally abolished in 1812. Until 1752, the "State of India" included all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to Southeast Asia, governed by either a Viceroy or a Governor from headquarters established in Goa since 1510. In 1752 Mozambique got its own government and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Macau, Solor and Timor, being then confined to Malabar. In 1843 the Portuguese moved the capital to Panaji from Velha Goa. By the mid-18th century, Portuguese Goa had expanded to most of the present-day state limits. Simultaneously the Portuguese lost other possessions in India until their borders stabilised and formed the Estado da Índia Portuguesa or State of Portuguese India. After India gained independence from the British in 1947, India requested that Portuguese territories on the Indian subcontinent be ceded to India. Portugal refused to negotiate on the sovereignty of its Indian enclaves. Portuguese India included a number of enclaves on India's western coast, including Goa proper, as well as the coastal enclaves of Daman (Port: Damão) and Diu, and the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, which lie inland from Daman. The territories of Portuguese India were sometimes referred to collectively as Goa. Portugal lost the two enclaves Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1954, and finally the remaining ones on 19 December 1961. The Indian Army invaded with Operation Vijay resulting in the annexation of Goa, and of Daman and Diu islands into the Indian union. Goa, along with Daman and Diu, was organised as a centrally administered union territory of India. Portugal only recognized the annexation on 31 December 1974, after the Carnation Revolution and the fall of the Estado Novo regime. On 30 May 1987, the union territory was split, and Goa was made India's twenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu remaining a union territory.
 
               20 May 1498 Vasco da Gama arrives in India.
 27 Sep 1503 - 07 Jan 1663 Cochin a Portuguese possession.
        1502 – 15 Feb 1663 Cannanore a Portuguese possession.
        1502 – 24 Dec 1661 Quilon a Portuguese possession
                            (Dutch occupation 29 Dec 1658 - 14 Apr 1659).
               13 Sep 1505 Anjediva (Angediva) acquired by Portugal.
 15 Feb 1510 - 30 May 1510 Portuguese occupy Goa.
 30 May 1510 - 25 Nov 1510 Bijapur occupies Goa.
               25 Nov 1510 Goa a Portuguese colony.
        1523 – 15 Jan 1662 Cranganore (Kottappuram) a Portuguese possession.
        1523 - 1662        Portuguese settlement of São Tomé de Meliapore.
               23 Dec 1534 Baçaim (Bassein) and its dependencies ceded to Portugal;
                            organized as the Northern Provinces.
               21 Dec 1535 Diu acquired by Portugal.
               02 Feb 1559 Damão (Daman) acquired by Portugal .
 15 Jul 1580 - 01 Dec 1640 Portuguese India along with Portugal a Spanish possession.
               23 Jun 1661 Bombaim (Bombay) and its dependencies ceded to England.
               18 Feb 1665 Final cession of Bombay to England (without its dependencies).
        1687 - 21 Oct 1749 São Tomé de Meliapore re-occupied by Portuguese.
               23 May 1739 Baçaim lost.
               17 Dec 1779 Dadra, Nagar and Haveli acquired by Portugal.
 07 Sep 1799 - Nov 1802    British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule continues.
 03 Sep 1803 - 02 Apr 1813 British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule continues.
               18 Dec 1946 Overseas province of Portugal.
               21 Jul 1954 Dadra then Nagar and Haveli (02 Aug 1954) occupied by Indian
                            nationalists (Aug 1961 annexed by India).
               19 Dec 1961 Goa, Damão, and Diu occupied by India.
               16 Mar 1962 Annexed by India.
               20 Mar 1962 Goa, Daman and Diu union territory
                            (formerly Portuguese India)
               31 Dec 1974 Annexation recognized by Portugal.
               30 May 1987 split into Goa state and Daman and Diu as union territory
 
  • South Konkan.............................................970 - c. 1000
  • Kadamba A local dynasty of 14 kings, c. 1000-1334; below are the available information on them.
  • Guhulladeva I..................................................fl. c. 1000
  • Unknown rulers
  • Shasthadeva II.................................................fl. latter 11th cent.
  • Guhalldeva III.................................................fl. 12th cent.
  • Jayakeshi II
  • Shivachitta Paramadideva................................1147 - 1187
  • Vishnuchitta II
  • Jayakeshi III..............................................? - 1212
     Guhalladeva III, Jayakeshi II, Shivachitta Paramadideva, Vinshuchitta II and Jayakeshi III dominated Goa's political scene in the 12th century. During the rule of Kadambas, the name and fame of Goapuri had reached it zenith. Goa's religion, culture, trade and arts flourished under the rule of these kings. The Kings and their queens built many Shiva temples as they were devote Shaivites.
  • Devagiri................................................1212 - 1224
  • More Kadamba monarch(s ?)...............................1224 - c. 1277
  • Devagiri...................................................? - 1313
    • Kamdeva...............................................? - 1313
  • Final Kadamba monarch(s ?)..............................1313 - 1334
  • Local vassals of Delhi..................................1334 - 1347
  • Deccan (Bahamanis)......................................1347 - 1380
  • In 1347, Goa was conquered by the Bahmani Sultanate. However in 1380, the Vijayanagar empire, a resurgent Hindu empire situated at modern day Hampi, reconquered the area. The Vijayanagar rulers held on to Goa for nearly a century, during which time its harbours were important port of arrival for Arabian horses on their way to Hampi to strengthen the Vijaynagar cavalry. In 1469 Goa was reconquered by the Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga. When this Sultanate broke up in 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's Bijapur Sultanate, which established Goa Velha as its second capital. The former Secretariat building in Panaji is a former Adil Shahi palace, later taken over by the Portuguese Viceroys as their official residence.
  • Vijayanagar............................................1380 - 1454
  • Bankapur...............................................1454 - 1471
  • Bijapur................................................1471 - 1489
  • Adil Shahi dynasty
  • Yusuf Adil Shah........................................1489 - 10 Dec 1510
  • Yusuf Adil Shah (1459–1511), referred as Adil Khan or Hidalcão by the Portuguese, was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty, that ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur for nearly two centuries. As the founder of the newly formed Bijapur dynasty (also known as the Adil Shahi dynasty ), Yusuf Adil Shah is credited with developing the town of Bijapur and elevating it to significant status. The first Portuguese encounter with India was on May 20, 1498 when Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and landed at Kappad in Calicut (Kozhikode) in the present-day Indian state of Kerala, ruled at that time by King Zamorin. Francisco de Almeida was made the first Portuguese Viceroy of Goa on 24 Oct 1505. In 1510, Portuguese Qdmiral Afonso de Albuquerque attacked Goa at the behest of the local cheftian Thimayya. After losing the city briefly, Albuquerque returned in force on November 25, with a fully renovated fleet. In less than a day, the Portuguese fleet took possession of Goa from Adil Shahi dynasty and his Ottoman allies, who surrendered on 10 December 1510.
  • Portugal (Kingdom).............................10 Dec 1510 - 05 Oct 1910
  • The Portuguese acquired several territories from the Sultans of Gujarat: Daman (occupied 1531, formally ceded 1539); Salsette, Bombay, and Baçaim (occupied 1534); and Diu (ceded 1535). These possessions became the Northern Province of Portuguese India, which extended almost 100 km along the coast from Daman to Chaul, and in places 30–50 km inland. The province was ruled from the fortress-town of Baçaim. Bombay (present day Mumbai) was given to Britain in 1661 as part of the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza's dowry to Charles II of England. Most of the Northern Province was lost to the Marathas in 1739, and Portugal acquired Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1779. Portuguese remained in Goa from 1530 till 1961. From 01 Feb 1808 to 30 Aug 1808 ruler and dynasty were deposed in Portugal (but not in Brazil, etc.), and state governed in the name of France. On 05 Oct 1910, Kingdom in Portugal was abolished and it became a Republic.
  • Portugal (Republic)............................05 Oct 1910 - 19 Dec 1961
  • After India's independence from the British in 1947, Portugal refused to accede to India's request to relinquish control of its Indian possessions. On 24 July 1954 an organization called "The United Front of Goans" took control of the enclave of Dadra. The remaining territory of Nagar Haveli was seized by the Azad Gomantak Dal on 2 August 1954. From 1954, peaceful Satyagrahis attempts from outside Goa at forcing the Portuguese to leave Goa were brutally suppressed. Eventually, on 18 December 1961, India militarily invaded Goa, Daman and Diu as Operation Vijay, involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, commanded by Major General Kenneth P. Candeth. The Indian forces were faced with insufficient Portuguese resistance. Portuguese armed forces had been instructed by Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar (in office from 05 July 1932 – 25 September 1968) to either defeat the invaders or die. Only meager resistance was offered due to the Portuguese army's poor firepower and size (only 3,300 men), against a fully armed Indian force of over 30,000 with full air and naval support. The Governor of Portuguese India signed the Instrument of Surrender on 19 December 1961, ending 451 years of Portuguese rule in India. The territories were annexed by India. The last Portuguese Governor-General Manuel António Vassalo e Silva (in office from 04 Dec 1958 - 1962) was deposed. Salazar forced the General into exile for disobeying his order. The Salazar regime in Portugal refused to recognize Indian sovereignty over the annexed territories, which continued to be represented in Portugal's National Assembly until 1974.
  • Indian Military Governor
  • Kunhiraman (Kenneth) Palat Candeth............19 Dec 1961 - 06 Jun 1962
  • On 20 Mar 1962, Goa, Daman and Diu became India union territory. Goa’s first general elections were held in 1963. In 1967 a referendum was conducted where voters decided whether to merge Goa into the neighboring state of Maharashtra. The anti-merger faction won, but full statehood was not conferred immediately. On 30 May 1987 Goa became the 25th state of the Indian Union. Daman and Diu was separated from Goa and continued to be administered as a Union territory.
 
DAMAO (Daman) City Colonial coinage (1611-1854):
Currency: Rupia = 2 Pardao (Xerafins) = 10 Tanga = 600 Reis = 750 Bazacucos.
A city located 100 miles north of Mumbai (Bombay). It was captured by the Portuguese in 1559. A mint was opened in Damao in 1611. This mint continued in operation until 1854. While important to early Portuguese trade, Damao dwindled as time passed. It was annexed to India in 1962.
 

Damao KM#25 15 Reis. Year: 1843. Weight: 9.21g. Metal: Copper. Diameter: 23.85 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Medal. Mint: N/A. Obverse: Crowned Coat of Arms in the center. Date at the bottom. Reverse: Value "15R." (15 Reis) and place "D." (Damao) written below it in the center dotted circle. Mintage: N/A. Minted Years: One year type. Ruler: Maria II.

Note: The undated coppers are best identified by the shape of the coat of arms. Similarly Diu (coinage: 1685-1859) and Goa (coinage: 1510-1869) had their own style of coinage.

Bacaim (Bessein), located less than 30 miles north of Bombay on the Gulf of Cambay. In 1611 the Portuguese opened a mint at Bacaim. The greatest minting activity was between 1678 and 1697. Many issues for Bacaim were in conjunction with other Portuguese settlements. Various coins dated 1759 to 1777 are knowm. The British took Bacaim in 1780. Bacaim & Chaul were two Portuguese settlements flanked the city of Bombay and minted coins as a joint venture in the 1653 after minting permission was granted in 1646. These coins are identified by the coat of arms being flanked by B-C or C-B.

Cochin (Cochim) was the first European settlement in India. Vasco da Gama founded a trading factory for the Portuguese at this location in 1502. Alfonso d'Albuquerque (who was to be the second governor of Portuguese settlements in India, 1509-1515) built a fort here in 1503. This location was an important Portuguese center
until the British withdrew when the Dutch attacked in 1663. The town was retaken by the British in 1795. A coin is known to be produced in 1661.
 
 
Luís I - Portuguese Kingdom - Goa Colonial coinage (1871-1888):
Currency: Rupia = 16 Tanga = 960 Reis.
 
Luís I (English: Louis), whose full name was Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Pedro de Alcântara António Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis João Augusto Júlio Valfando de Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha e Bragança, the Popular (Port. o Popular). Born in Lisbon on October 31, 1838 and died on October 19, 1889 in Cascais. He was the 32nd (or 33rd according to some historians) King of Portugal and the Algarves between 1861 and 1889. He was the second son of Maria II and Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and was created Duke of Porto and Viseu.
Luís was a cultured man who wrote vernacular poetry, but otherwise had no distinguishing gifts in the political field into which he was thrust by the deaths of his brothers Pedro V and Fernando in 1861. Luís' domestic reign was a tedious and ineffective series of transitional governments called Rotativism formed at various times by the Progressistas (Liberals) and the Regeneradores (Conservatives – the party generally favoured by King Luís, who secured their long term in office after 1881). Despite a flirtation with the Spanish succession prior to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, Luís's reign was otherwise one of domestic stagnation as Portugal fell ever further behind the nations of western Europe in terms of public education, political stability, technological progress and economic prosperity. In colonial affairs, Delagoa Bay was confirmed as a Portuguese possession in 1875, whilst Belgian activities in the Congo (1880s) and a British ultimatum denied Portugal a land link between Angola and Mozambique at the peak of the Scramble for Africa.
Luís was mostly a man of the sciences, with a passion for oceanography. He invested great amounts of his fortune in funding research boats to collect specimens in the oceans of the world. He was responsible for the establishment of one of the World's first Aquariums, Aquário Vasco da Gama in Lisbon, which is still open to the public with its vast collection of maritime life forms, including a 10 meter long squid. His love for sciences and things new was passed to his two sons. Luís was also very keen with literature, not only with books in Portuguese but also in English; he was the first to bring fully translated Shakespearean works to Portugal, such as The Merchant of Venice, Richard III and Othello, the Moor of Venice; his best-known work in Portugal was his translation of Hamlet.
On 06 October 1862, Luís married Princess Maria Pia of Savoy (16 October 1847 – 05 July 1911), daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Maria Adelaide of Austria. They both had a deep love at first, but Luis's countless mistresses led Maria Pia to depression. Together they had two sons who survived childhood, and a stillborn son in 1866.
  • Dom Carlos, Prince Royal of Portugal (28 September 1863 – 01 February 1908), successor as King Carlos I; murdered by the Carbonária.
  • Dom Afonso, Prince Royal of Portugal (31 July 1865 – 21 February 1920), Infante of Portugal, Duke of Porto, Viceroy of India, and after 1908 Prince Royal.

The King also fathered one illegitimate son, also named Carlos, who was born in 1874 in Lisbon.
 

KM#307 1/8 Tanga (7.5 Reis). Year: 1881. Weight: 3.10g. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 22.50 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Calcutta, India.
Obverse Legend: "LUDOVICUS · I · PORTUG : ET · ALGARB : REX" written around the Luiz I's portrait. Head of Luiz I facing left in the center. Date "·1881·" at the bottom. Reverse Legend: "INDIA PORTUGUEZA" (Portuguese India) written at the top section. Crown in the center. "·OITAVO DE TANGA·" (One Eighth of the Tanga) written at the bottom section. Mintage: 12,396,800 (including 1884 and 1886 issues). Minted Years: 1881, 1884 and 1886. Ruler: Luiz I.

Same as above coin KM#307 1/8 Tanga (7.5 Reis), but...

Year: 1884. Weight: 3.25g. Mint: Calcutta, India.

Same as above coin KM#307 1/8 Tanga (7.5 Reis), but...

Year: 1886. Weight: 3.18g. Mint: Calcutta, India.

KM#308 1/4 Tanga (15 Reis). Year: 1881. Weight: 6.49g. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 25.50 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Calcutta, India.
Obverse Legend: "LUDOVICUS · I · PORTUG : ET · ALGARB : REX" written around the Luiz I's portrait. Head of Luiz I facing left in the center. Date "·1881·" at the bottom. Reverse Legend: "INDIA PORTUGUEZA" (Portuguese India) written at the top section. Crown in the center. "·OITAVO DE TANGA·" (Quarter of the Tanga) written at the bottom section. Mintage: 7,242,000 (including 1884, 1886 and 1888 issues). Minted Years: 1881, 1884, 1886 and 1888. Ruler: Luiz I.

Same as above coin KM#308 1/4 Tanga (15 Reis), but...

Year: 1886. Weight: 6.33g. Mint: Calcutta, India.

KM#309 1/8 Rupia. Year: 1881. Weight: 1.39g [1.46g]. Metal: 0.916 Silver. Diameter: 14.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Calcutta, India.
Obverse Legend: "LUDOVICUS · I · PORTUG : ET · ALGARB : REX" written around the Luiz I's portrait. Head of Luiz I facing left in the center. Date "·1881·" at the bottom. Reverse Legend: "INDIA PORTUGUEZA" (Portuguese India) written at the top section. Crowned shield with wreath on both sides in the center. "·OITAVO DE RUPIA·" (One Eighth of the Rupee) written at the bottom section. Mintage: 901,688. Minted Years: One year type. Ruler: Luiz I.

Note: The above displayed coin is struck with broken obverse dies.

KM#310 1/4 Rupia. Year: 1881. Weight: 2.86g [2.92g]. Metal: 0.916 Silver. Diameter: 19.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Calcutta, India.
Obverse Legend: "LUDOVICUS · I · PORTUG : ET · ALGARB : REX" written around the Luiz I's portrait. Head of Luiz I facing left in the center. Date "·1881·" at the bottom. Reverse Legend: "INDIA PORTUGUEZA" (Portuguese India) written at the top section. Crowned shield with wreath on both sides in the center. "·QUARTO DE RUPIA·" (Quarter of the Rupee) written at the bottom section. Mintage: 470,748. Minted Years: 1881 and 1885. Ruler: Luiz I.

Note: 1885 issued in Proof only are are very rare.

KM#311 Half Rupia. Year: 1881. Weight: 5.71g [5.83g]. Metal: 0.916 Silver. Diameter: 30.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Calcutta, India.
Obverse Legend: "LUDOVICUS · I · PORTUG : ET · ALGARB : REX" written around the Luiz I's portrait. Head of Luiz I facing left in the center. Date "·1881·" at the bottom. Reverse Legend: "INDIA PORTUGUEZA" (Portuguese India) written at the top section. Crowned shield with wreath on both sides in the center. "·MEIA RUPIA·" (Half Rupee) written at the bottom section. Mintage: 356,653 (including 1882 issue). Minted Years: 1881, 1882 and 1885. Ruler: Luiz I.

Note: 1885 Dated coins are issued in Proof only and very rare.

Same as above coin KM#311 Half Rupia, but...

Year: 1882. Weight: 5.69g [5.83g]. Mintage: 356,653 (including 1881 issue).

KM#312 1 Rupia. Year: 1882. Weight: 11.55g [11.66g]. Metal: 0.916 Silver. Diameter: 30.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Calcutta, India.
Obverse Legend: "LUDOVICUS · I · PORTUG : ET · ALGARB : REX" written around the Luiz I's portrait. Head of Luiz I facing left in the center. Date "·1881·" at the bottom. Reverse Legend: "INDIA PORTUGUEZA" (Portuguese India) written at the top section. Crowned shield with wreath on both sides in the center. "·UMA RUPIA·" (One Rupee) written at the bottom section. Mintage: 1,762,901 (including 1882 issue). Minted Years: 1881, 1882, 1882 Medal alignment (very rare) and 1885 (in Proof and very rare). Ruler: Luiz I.

Same as above coin KM#312 Rupia, but...

Year: 1882. Weight: 11.51g [11.66g]. Mintage: 1,762,901 (including 1881 issue).
 
Carlos I - Portuguese Kingdom - Colonial coinage (1901, 1903-1904):
Currency: Rupia = 16 Tanga = 960 Reis.
 
Carlos (English: Charles I) the Diplomat (also known as the Martyr; Portuguese: o Diplomata and o Martirizado; 28 September 1863 – 01 February 1908), named Carlos Fernando Luís Maria Víctor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão de Bragança Sabóia Bourbon e Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha, was the 33rd (or 34th or 35th according to some historians) and penultimate King of Portugal and the Algarves. He was the first Portuguese king to die a violent death since Sebastian of Portugal (1578). This occurred in 1908, when Carlos was murdered in Lisbon as he travelled in an open carriage with the royal family.
Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís and Queen Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy. He had a brother, Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto.
His paternal first cousins included Frederick Augustus III of Saxony, Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, Prince Wilhelm of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Ferdinand I of Romania.
His maternal first cousins included Napoléon Victor Bonaparte, Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta, Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin, Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, Umberto, Count of Salemi.
He had an intense education and was prepared to rule as a constitutional monarch. In 1883 he traveled to Italy, England, France and Germany where he increased his knowledge of the modern civilization of his time. In 1883, 1886 and 1888 he ruled as regent as his father was traveling in Europe, as it became tradition among the Portuguese constitutional kings. His father Luis I advised him to be modest and to study with focus.
His first bridal candidate was one of the daughters of Frederick III, German Emperor, but the issue of religion presented an insurmountable problem and the pressure of British diplomacy prevented the marriage. He then met and married Princess Amélie of Orléans, eldest daughter of Philippe, comte de Paris, pretender to the throne of France.
Carlos became King on 19 October 1889. Colonial treaties with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (one signed in August 1890 that defined their African borders along the Zambezi and Congo rivers and another signed on 14 October 1899, that confirmed colonial treaties of the 17th century) stabilised the situation in Africa. These agreements were however unpopular in Portugal where they were seen as being to the disadvantage of the country.
Domestically, Portugal was twice declared bankrupt - on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 - causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing João Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution.
As a patron of science and the arts, King Carlos took an active part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary (in 1894) of the birth of Prince Henry the Navigator. The following year he decorated the famous Portuguese poet João de Deus in a ceremony in Lisbon. Carlos took a personal interest in deep-sea and maritime exploration, publishing an account of his own studies in this area.
On 01 February 1908 the royal family returned from the palace of Vila Viçosa to Lisbon. They travelled by train to Almada and from there, they took a steamer to cross the Tagus River and disembarked at Cais do Sodré in central Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the open carriage with Carlos I and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paço fronting on the river. While crossing the square, shots were fired from the crowd by two republican activists: Alfredo Costa and Manuel Buiça.
Buiça, a former army sergeant and sharpshooter, fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat. The king died immediately, his heir, Luís Filipe, was mortally wounded, and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm. The Queen alone escaped injury. The two assassins were killed on the spot by police and bodyguards; an innocent bystander was also killed in the confusion. The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal, where, about twenty minutes later, the Prince Royal Luis Filipe died. Several days later, the younger son, Prince Manuel, was proclaimed King of Portugal; he was the last of the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty and the last Portugal king as well.
 

KM#13 1/12 Tanga (5 Reis). Year: MCMI (1901). Weight: 2.14g. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 18.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Lisbon. Obverse Legend: CARLOS I REI DE PORTUGAL - MCMI. Head of Carlos I facing right in the center. Date at the bottom. Reverse Legend: INDIA PORTUGUEZA - 1/12 TANGA. Crowned shield in center. Mintage: 960,000. Minted Years: 1901 and 1903. Ruler: Carlos I. Engraver: Valancio Alves (Obverse side).

KM#14 1/8 Tanga (7.5 Reis). Year: MCMI (1901). Weight: 2.95g. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 22.50 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: CARLOS I REI DE PORTUGAL - MCMI. Head of Carlos I facing right in the center. Date at the bottom. Reverse Legend: INDIA PORTUGUEZA - 1/8 TANGA. Crowned shield in center. Mintage: 960,000. Minted Years: 1901 and 1903. Ruler: Carlos I.

Same as above coin KM#14 1/8 Tanga (7.5 Reis), but...

Year: MCMIII (1903). Weight: 3.09g. Mintage: 960,000.

KM#15 1/4 Tanga (15 Reis). Year: MCMI (1901). Weight: 6.26g. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 25.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: CARLOS I REI DE PORTUGAL - MCMI. Head of Carlos I facing right in the center. Date at the bottom. Reverse Legend: INDIA PORTUGUEZA - 1/4 TANGA. Crowned shield in center. Mintage: 800,000. Minted Years: 1901 and 1903. Ruler: Carlos I.

KM#16 1/2 Tanga (30 Reis). Year: MCMIII (1903). Weight: 12.16g. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 30.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: CARLOS I REI DE PORTUGAL - MCMI. Head of Carlos I facing right in the center. Date at the bottom. Reverse Legend: INDIA PORTUGUEZA - 1/2 TANGA. Crowned shield in center. Mintage: 800,000. Minted Years: 1901 and 1903. Ruler: Carlos I.

Same as above coin KM#16 1/2 Tanga (30 Reis), but...

Year: MCMIII (1903). Weight: 12.02g. Mintage: 800,000.

KM#17 1 Rupia. Year: 1904. Weight: 11.64g [11.66g]. Metal: 0.916 Silver. Diameter: 30.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: CARLOS I REI DE PORTUGAL - MCMI. Head of Carlos I facing right in the center. Date at the bottom. Reverse Legend: INDIA PORTUGUEZA * UMA RUPIA *. Crowned shield in the center with wreath on both sides. Mintage: 100,000. Minted Years: 1903 and 1904. Ruler: Carlos I.
 
Portuguese Republic Administration - Colonial Coinage (1912):
Under Portuguese India Governor-General: Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa (12 Oct 1910 - 03 Jul 1917).
Currency: Rupia.
 

KM#18 1 Rupia. Year: 1912. Weight: 11.62g [11.66g]. Metal: 0.916 Silver. Diameter: 30.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: "REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA" at the top. Liberty head facing left in the center. Date at the bottom. Reverse Legend: Denomination "INDIA * UMA RUPIA" within wreath on both sides. Mintage: 300,000. Minted Years: 1912/1 and 1912.
 
Portuguese Republic Administration - Colonial Coinage (1934-1936):
Under Portuguese India Governor-General: João Carlos Craveiro Lopes (25 Aug 1929 - 17 Sep 1936).
Currency: Rupia = 16 Tanga = 960 Reis.
 

KM#19 1 Tanga (60 Reis). Year: 1934. Weight: 3.92g. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 22.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Medal. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: "REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA" at the top. Divided shield in center. Date at the bottom. Reverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA. Five shields in one shield in center. "1 tanga" at the bottom. Mintage: 100,000. Minted Years: One year type.

Note: This is the only Portuguese India coin in my collection to be of Medal alignment.

KM#20 2 Tanga (120 Reis). Year: 1934. Weight: 2.96g. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 19.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: "REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA" at the top. Divided shield in center. Date at the bottom. Reverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA. Five shields in one shield in center. "2 tangas" at the bottom. Mintage: 150,000. Minted Years: One year type.

KM#23 1/2 Rupia. Year: 1936. Weight: 5.70g [6.00g]. Metal: 0.917 silver. Diameter: 25.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 1935. Shield on lined circle at center of Maltese Cross. Reverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1/2 rupia. Divided shield in center. Mintage: 100,000. Minted Years: One year type.

KM#22 1 Rupia. Year: 1935. Weight: 11.55g [12.00g]. Metal: 0.917 silver. Diameter: 30.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 1935. Shield on lined circle at center of Maltese Cross. Reverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1 rupia. Divided shield in center. Mintage: 300,000. Minted Years: One year type.
 
Portuguese Republic Administration - Overseas Province Coinage:
Under Portuguese India Governor-General: Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça e Dias [acting] (03 Aug 1947 - 27 Jun 1948 and 23 Dec 1948 - 1952).
Currency: Rupia = 16 Tanga = 960 Reis.
 
1947

KM#24 1 Tanga. Year: 1947. Weight: 5.88g. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 24.50 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1947. Divided shield with arms within globe, topped by crown of five turrets. Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 1 TANGA. Mintage: 1,000,000. Minted Years: One year type.

KM#25 1/4 Rupia. Year: 1947. Weight: 3.69g. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 18.50 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1947. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 1/4 RUPIA. Mintage: 800,000. Minted Years: 1947 and 1952.

KM#26 1/2 Rupia. Year: 1947. Weight: 5.42g. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 24.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1947. Divided shield with arms within globe, topped by crown of five turrets. Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 1/2 RUPIA. Mintage: 600,000. Minted Years: 1947 and 1952.

KM#27 1 Rupia. Year: 1947. Weight: 12.01g [12.00g]. Metal: 0.500 silver. Diameter: 30.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 1947. Shield on lined circle at center of Maltese Cross. Reverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1 rupia. Divided shield with arms within globe, topped by crown of five turrets. Mintage: 900,000. Minted Years: One year type.
 
1952

KM#19 1 Tanga (60 Reis). Year: 1952. Weight: 3.95g. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 22.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1952. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 1 TANGA. Mintage: 960,000. Minted Years: One year type.

KM#26 1/2 Rupia. Year: 1952. Weight: 5.57g. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 24.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1952. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 1/2 RUPIA. Mintage: 2,000,000. Minted Years: 1947 and 1952.

KM#29 1 Rupia. Year: 1952. Weight: 12.03g. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 30.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 1952. Shield on lined circle at center of Maltese Cross. Reverse Legend:  ESTADO DA INDIA 1 RUPIA. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Mintage: 1,000,000. Minted Years: One year type.
 
 
Portuguese Republic Administration - Overseas Province Coinage:
Under Portuguese India Governor-General: Manuel António Vassalo e Silva (1958 - 1962).
Currency: Escudo = 100 centavos.
 
1958

KM#30 10 centavos. Year: 1958. Weight: 1.98g [2.00g]. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 18.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1958. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 10 centavos. Mintage: 5,000,000 (including 1959). Minted Years: 1958, 1959 and 1961.

KM#31 30 centavos. Year: 1958. Weight: 3.99g [4.00g]. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 21.50 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1958. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 30 centavos. Mintage: 5,000,000 (including 1959). Minted Years: 1958 and 1959.

KM#32 60 centavos. Year: 1958. Weight: 3.57g [3.50g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 20.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1958. Shield on lined circle at center of Maltese Cross.  Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA $ 60. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Mintage: 5,000,000 (including 1959). Minted Years: 1958 and 1959.

KM#33 Escudo. Year: 1958. Weight: 5.62g [5.65g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 24.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1958. Shield on lined circle at center of Maltese Cross.  Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 1$00. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Mintage: 6,000,000 (including 1959). Minted Years: 1958 and 1959.

KM#34 3 Escudo. Year: 1958. Weight: 7.89g [8.00g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 26.50 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1958. Shield on lined circle at center of Maltese Cross.  Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 3$00. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Mintage: 5,000,000 (including 1959). Minted Years: 1958 and 1959.
 
1959

KM#30 10 centavos. Year: 1959. Weight: 2.00g [2.00g]. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 18.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1959. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 10 centavos. Mintage: 5,000,000 (including 1958). Minted Years: 1958, 1959 and 1961.

KM#31 30 centavos. Year: 1959. Weight: 3.97g [4.00g]. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 21.50 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1959. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 30 centavos. Mintage: 5,000,000 (including 1958). Minted Years: 1958 and 1959.

KM#32 60 centavos. Year: 1959. Weight: 3.49g [3.50g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 20.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1959. Shield on lined circle at center of Maltese Cross.  Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA $ 60. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Mintage: 5,000,000 (including 1958). Minted Years: 1958 and 1959.

KM#33 Escudo. Year: 1959. Weight: 5.52g [5.65g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 24.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1959. Shield on lined circle at center of Maltese Cross.  Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 1$00. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Mintage: 6,000,000 (including 1958). Minted Years: 1958 and 1959.

KM#34 3 Escudo. Year: 1959. Weight: 8.10g [8.00g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 26.50 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1959. Shield on lined circle at center of Maltese Cross.  Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 3$00. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Mintage: 5,000,000 (including 1958). Minted Years: 1958 and 1959.

KM#35 6 Escudo. Year: 1959. Weight: 13.97g [14.00g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 30.50 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1959. Shield on lined circle at center of Maltese Cross.  Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 6$00. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Mintage: 4,000,000. Minted Years: One year type.
 
1961

KM#30 10 centavos. Year: 1961. Weight: 2.00g [2.00g]. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 18.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA 1958. Tiny towers and shields above divided shield on lined circle. Reverse Legend: REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA 10 centavos. Mintage: 1,000,000. Minted Years: 1958, 1959 and 1961.

Note: This is the last coin of Portuguese India.
 
 
Early Indian coins:

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